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The outset of the 21th century Earth is a planet teeming with life. Mankind, 7 billion strong, continued to prosper. This prosperity had a price.

The first is frequently eulogised by political leaders: The second is rarely mentioned: If this second tragedy was more commonly discussed, then there might be a greater recognition that the problem lies more in the nature and modalities of aid than in a lack of resources. The essential difference is that planning is a top-down approach and searching a bottom-up.

Planning starts with top-level political will and an overarching goal, for instance the Millennium Development Goals. It begins with an attractive political vision. Massive resources are mobilised, large-scale organisation is set up to allocate and disburse those resources.

It is the application of utopian social engineering to the field of overseas aid. It typically fosters very weak forms of feedback information struggles to battle its way back up the enormous hierarchy from poor rural recipient through half a dozen layers of bureaucracy back to the planner himself and little or no accountability the planner will not still be in office by the time the results of his intervention are in, and in any case, the realisation that a ten- or twenty-year plan has failed is uselessly blunt information as far as holding planners accountable is concerned.

Easterly sees the theme of planning as uniting a coherent history of the West's approach to the third world, spanning centuries.

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Searchers, on the other hand, operate from the ground up. Searching starts with observation of the problems and constraints facing poor people, and with experimentation with micro-level solutions whether they be organisational or technological.

It begins with no resources, and seeks the minimum necessary resources as and when they are needed. It is the application of entrepreneurial initiative to the field of overseas aid. It integrates and supports existing or nascent solutions developed by poor people themselves.

It is typically highly responsive to feedback and naturally holds those responsible to account, within a useful timeframe that makes clear the different levels of success of projects competing for resources.

Easterly sees searching as essentially the same as the successful process not only of Western business but Western politics, in which 'political entrepreneurs' seek out policies that will win voters and enact them in a piecemeal fashion — rather than designing a grand utopian plan.

It is worth noting that, generally speaking, it is only possible to get away with planning when the planner is answerable to a population that isn't being planned.

Thus Western voters select searchers to represent them, but elect planners to work on foreign economies, since planners can deliver broad, ambitious, superficial promises, which are much more attractive to Western voters than the piecemeal support of a hodgepodge of existing micro-schemes that essentially amount to no more than a continuation of existing processes.

Why Planners Cannot Bring Prosperity The Legend of the Big Push There is a simplistic legend that has survived since at leastwhich states that poor countries are locked into poverty because they do not have enough income above consumption to invest.

The legend further claims that aid can finance that investment for a short period until takeoff, the moment when investment and accumulation have raised income to the point at which people can afford to save as well as consume, even after taking into account whatever level of uncertainty and income shock they are subjected to.

The legend implies that a large volume of aid should be targeted at the poorest countries, and that this will lift them out of poverty.

Unfortunately, this legend is at best not supported and at worst contradicted by available evidence. Firstly, comparisons of the growth of poor and rich countries do not reveal a level of poverty on the country level at which growth is low.

Poor countries do have lower growth under some formulations, but this is because they have worse governments — when controls for quality of governance are added the difference between rich and poor disappears.

Further, many countries wander up and down the ladder countries are continually 'escaping' this poverty trap whilst others are returning to it. Researchers have repeatedly attempted to find a relationship between aid and growth, and although their occasional findings are widely publicised by the aid community, the successful study is usually subsequently repeated with a new dataset only to find that the positive relationship disappears.

This chapter is both complex in its treatment of various problems in specification and testing, and incomplete in its practice of saying no more than two sentences about any given study. But it is clear that available research has produced very little clear knowledge about the relationship between aid and growth.

Research which is lined up in support of a new Big Push has been hand-picked from a messy and esoteric debate — whilst this research in itself is perfectly scientific, the cherry-picking only of studies that happen to support a particular conclusion and the disregarding of the rest is certainly not.New York Times Population Debate.

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